Influence of copigmentation and phenolic composition on wine color.

Chromatic characteristics and their relationships with copigmentation and phenolic composition were studied in 160 bottled red wines. Free anthocyanins, copigmented anthocyanins and polymeric pigments contributing to color were calculated according to Boulton protocol and related to main changes produced in wine visible spectra after destroying any copigmented anthocyanins effect. Color differences between copigmented and non copigmented wines were quantified and related with ageing, cultivar and phenolic profile. Phenomenon of co-pigmentation visually increases the colour at 420, 520 and 620 nm for most of wines. Copigmented wines showed a mean value of 8.26 CIELab units higher than non copigmented (ΔEab(c-nc)), being this shift deeper for young wines than for aged wines. Copigmentation mostly changed hue and decreased L, a* and b* values therefore resulted into purplish and darker wine. Visual variations in color caused by copigmentation was related to particularly anthocyanins and copigments (mostly flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids).

A comprehensive study of red wine properties according to variety.

More than 80 properties have been studied in 250 commercial red wines to obtain a reliable description of the characteristics of each variety. Such a large set of data allows the testing of previous assumptions and a thorough investigation about whether varietal discrimination is possible despite the strong influences of ageing and environment. Even though several studies have been performed regarding how variety influences wine phenolics or colour, only a few count on a large data set. Most studies are performed by applying only one technology or on a limited number of wines. In this work, a heterogeneous wine population is thoroughly analysed by using diverse analytical techniques. Therefore, analysis of variance can be applied and patterns are observable in different parameters like flavonols or anthocyanins in spite of the high heterogeneity of the samples. The study confirms that discriminant analysis can be successful in distinguishing wines according to variety in spite of the influences of winemaking techniques and vintage.

Caracterización morfológica y composición química de chayotas (Sechium edule) cultivadas en las Islas canarias (España) / Morphological and chemical composition characterization of chayotas (Sechium edule) grown in the Canary Islands (Spain)

Se analizaron características morfológicas relacionadas con el fruto, espinas, endocarpio y semilla, así como parámetros fisicoquímicos y nutricionales (humedad, proteínas, ºBrix, fibra alimentaria, cenizas, pH, acidez, ácido ascórbico, compuestos fenólicos totales, minerales: Na, K, Ca y Mg y elementos traza: Fe, Cu, Zn y Mn), en muestras de chayota (Sechium edule) pertenecientes a 7 entradas cultivadas en las islas de Tenerife y La Palma (España) y cosechadas durante el período comprendido entre junio y noviembre de 2005. Se observaron diferencias importantes en la composición química y características morfológicas entre las diferentes entradas de chayota estudiadas. La entrada 4 destacó por su alto contenido en minerales y sólidos solubles totales (ºBrix) y bajo contenido en agua, mientras que la entrada 1 presentó altos contenidos en Na, cenizas y ácido ascórbico. El contenido de humedad y de ácido ascórbico varió en función de la parte del fruto analizada, sin embargo, los contenidos de compuestos fenólicos y de cenizas no fueron dependientes de las partes. La fecha de muestreo mostró una gran influencia sobre la composición química, observándose las mayores diferencias en las muestras cosechadas en el mes otoñal de noviembre respecto a las restantes cosechadas en meses estivales. El análisis discriminante permitió diferenciar las muestras de chayota en función de la entrada y fecha de muestreo, por lo que es una herramienta muy útil para la caracterización de muestras(AU)

Morphological and chemical composition characterization of chayotas (Sechium edule) grown in the Canary Islands (Spain). Morphological characteristics related to the fruit, thorns, endocarp and seed, as well as physicochemical and nutritional parameters (moisture, protein, ºBrix, fiber, ash, pH, acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, minerals: Na, K, Ca and Mg, and trace elements: Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) were analyzed in samples of chayote (Sechium edule) belonging to 7 accessions grown on the islands of Tenerife and La Palma (Spain) and harvested during the period between June and November 2005. Significant differences in chemical composition and morphology between the chayote accessions studied were observed. The accession 4 features a high mineral content and soluble solids (Brix degree) and low water content, while the accession 1 had high contents of Na, ash and ascorbic acid. The moisture content and ascorbic acid varied depending on the portion of the fruit analyzed, however, the contents of phenolic compounds and ash were not affected. The sampling date showed a great influence on the chemical composition, the greatest differences observed in the samples harvested in the month of November autumn, with respect to the remaining summer months. Discriminant analysis allowed differentiate samples chayota according to the accession and sampling date, so it is a very useful tool for the characterization of these samples(AU)

Flavonoids in onion cultivars (Allium cepa L.).

Total phenol and flavonoid contents were analyzed by HPLC coupled with a diode array detector in 5 traditional onion cultivars from Tenerife (Guayonje, San Juan de la Rambla, Carrizal Alto, Carrizal Bajo, and Masca) and a commercial cultivar (Texas Early Grano 502). Five quercetin chemical species (isoquercetin, quercetin diglucoside, quercetin monoglucoside 1, quercetin monoglucoside 2, and free quercetin) and kaempferol were identified and quantified in the onion samples. Quercetin monoglucoside 1 and quercetin diglucoside were the major flavonoids accounting for 80% of the total quercetin content. The mean quercetin monoglucoside 1: quercetin diglucoside ratio (QMG/QDG) was 1: 2.2. There were differences between the onion cultivars in the cases of total phenol, quercetin diglucoside, isoquercetin, QMG/QDG ratio, and kaempferol. The Texas cultivar had a higher QMG/QDG ratio and a higher kaempferol content than the traditional cultivars. The correlation study showed significant correlations between the analyzed phenolic components.

[Application of multivariate analysis to the serum mineral and trace element content on differentiation of healthy subjects]. / Aplicación de análisis multivariado para la diferenciación de individuos sanos según su contenido sérico de minerales.

OBJECTIVE: Serum concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn and P were determined in apparently health individuals representing of the population of the Canary Islands. Multivariate analysis was applied on the data matrix in order to differentiate the individuals according several criteria such as gender, age, island and province of residence, smoking and drinking habits and physical exercise. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 395 serum samples (187 men and 208 women) were analyzed mean age of 38.4 +/- 20.0 years. Individuals data about age, gender, weight, height, alcohol consumption, smoking habits and physical exercise were recorded using standardized questionnaires. The determination of minerals was carried out by flame emission spectrometry (Na and K) and atomic absorption spectrometry with flame air/acetylene (Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn), hybride generation (Se) and graphite furnace (Mn). The P was determined by a colorimetric method. RESULTS: The sex and age of individuals influenced on the serum concentrations of some minerals, Cu and Fe, and P and Se, respectively. The island of residence influenced the mean concentrations of the most the minerals analysed. The smoking and drinking habits do not seem to influence the mean contents of the minerals in an important manner. Physical exercise had significant influence on the P, Cu and Mn concentrations in serum. The water for consumption influenced on the serum concentrations of the electrolytes and Ca and Mg, but it did not affect the concentrations of the trace elements. Applying discriminant analysis the individuals lower 18 years were reasonably well differentiated (89% of the individuals correctly classified) from the rest of individuals. A tendency for differentiation of individuals according to the island of residence was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: A low differentiation of the individuals according to the sex, province or island or residence and habits or life style was observed after application of multivariate analysis techniques. However, the adults were reasonably differentiated from the children and adolescent, and the inhabitants of Lanzarote and La Palma tend to separate from the rest of the individuals of their province.

Aplicación de análisis multivariado para la diferenciación de individuos sanos según su contenido sérico de minerales / Application of multivariate analysis to the serum mineral and trace element content on differentiation of healthy subjects

Objetivos: Se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn y P en individuos aparentemente sanos representativos de la población canaria. Sobre la matriz de datos obtenidos se aplicaron técnicas de análisis multivariado con objeto de diferenciar los individuos de acuerdo con diversos criterios, tales como sexo, edad, isla, provincia de residencia, hábito de fumar o beber, ejercicio físico y consumo de agua. Sujetos y metodología: Se analizaron 395 muestras de suero (187 hombres y 208 mujeres) siendo la edad media de los individuos de 38,4 ± 20,0 años. Se recogieron datos individuales acerca de la edad, sexo, peso, talla, tipo de agua consumida, consumo de alcohol, hábito de fumar y ejercicio físico por medio de cuestionarios estandarizados. La determinación de los minerales se realizó por fotometría de llama (Na y K) y espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con llama aire/acetileno (Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu y Zn), con generación de hidruros (Se) o por cámara de grafito (Mn). El P se determinó por colorimetría. Resultados: El sexo y edad de los individuos afectaron las concentraciones séricas de algunos minerales, Cu y Fe y P y Se respectivamente. La isla de residencia afectó las concentraciones medias de la mayoría de los minerales analizados. Los hábitos de fumar y beber no parecen afectar de forma importante los contenidos medios de los minerales. La práctica de ejercicio físico influyó sobre el contenido sérico de P, Cu y Mn. El tipo de agua consumida influyó sobre el contenido sérico de los electrolitos, y elementos plásticos analizados, pero no en el de los elementos traza. Después de aplicar análisis discriminante, se observa que los individuos menores de 18 años se diferencian razonablemente bien (89% de casos correctamente clasificados) del resto. Existe una cierta tendencia a diferenciarse los individuos en base a la isla de residencia. Conclusiones: La diferenciación de los individuos mediante análisis discriminante aplicado sobre los contenidos séricos de los minerales analizados en función del sexo, provincia e isla de residencia y hábitos o estilo de vida fue baja. Sin embargo, los adultos se diferencian razonablemente de los adolescentes y niños, y los individuos residentes en Lanzarote y La Palma, tienden a separarse del resto de los individuos de su provincia (AU)

Objective: Serum concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn and P were determined in apparently healthy individuals representing of the population of the Canary Islands. Multivariate analysis was applied on the data matrix in order to differentiate the individuals according several criteria such as gender, age, island and province of residence, smoking and drinking habits and physical exercise. Subjects and methods: 395 serum samples (187 men and 208 women) were analyzed mean age of 38.4 ± 20.0 years. Individuals data about age, gender, weight, height, alcohol consumption, smoking habits and physical exercise were recorded using standardized questionnaires. The determination of minerals was carried out by flame emission spectrometry (Na and K) and atomic absorption spectrometry with flame air/acetylene (Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn), hybride generation (Se) and graphite furnace (Mn). The P was determined by a colorimetric method. Results: The sex and age of individuals influenced on the serum concentrations of some minerals, Cu and Fe, and P and Se, respectively. The island of residence influenced the mean concentrations of the most the minerals analysed. The smoking and drinking habits do not seem to influence the mean contents of the minerals in an important manner. Physical exercise had significant influence on the P, Cu and Mn concentrations in serum. The water for consumption influenced on the serum concentrations of the electrolytes and Ca and Mg, but it did not affect the concentrations of the trace elements. Applying discriminant analysis the individuals lower 18 years were reasonably well differentiated (89% of the individuals correctly classified) from the rest of individuals. A tendency for differentiation of individuals according to the island of residence was also observed. Conclusions: A low differentiation of the individuals according to the sex, province or island or residence and habits or life style was observed after application of multivariate analysis techniques. However, the adults were reasonably differentiated from the children and adolescent, and the inhabitants of Lanzarote and La Palma tend to separate from the rest of the individuals of their province (AU)

Manganese, nickel, selenium and cadmium in molluscs from the Magellan Strait, Chile.

The concentrations of manganese, selenium, nickel and cadmium were determined in 112 samples of molluscs belonging to mussels (Mytilus chilensis, n = 47) and limpets (Nacella deaurata, n = 65), which were collected from the coastline of the Magellan Strait, Chile. Four (6.2%) samples of limpets exceeded the maximum limits for cadmium established in Europe. Limpets showed higher mean manganese, nickel and cadmium concentrations than mussels, whilst the mean selenium concentration in mussels was higher. The consumption of one serving (100 g) of molluscs represents a considerable contribution to the dietary daily intake of selenium, and limpets make a significant contribution to the manganese and cadmium intakes. The sampling zone influenced the trace element concentrations, and different uptakes were observed between the mollusc species.

Application of linear discriminant analysis to the biochemical and haematological differentiation of opiate addicts from healthy subjects: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Biochemical and haematological parameters of nutritional interest were determined in the serum of opiate addicts in order to compare them with those obtained in healthy subjects. Linear discriminant analysis was applied for the differentiation of the opiate addicts. SUBJECTS: Sera of 106 opiate addicts in detoxification treatment (n=19) or in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program (MMTP) (n=87) were studied. DESIGN: : The determination of classical biochemical and haematological parameters in blood samples was carried out using standardized methods. Determination of retinol and alpha-tocopherol was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector. Folic acid and vitamin B(12) were determined using competitive binding techniques. Minerals were determined by flame emission spectrometry (Na and K) and atomic absorption spectrometry with air-acetylene flame (Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn) or with hydride generation (Se). Phosphorous was determined using a colorimetric method with ammonium molibdate. All statistical analyses were performed by means of the SPSS version 10.0 software for Windows. RESULTS: Stepwise linear discriminant analysis simplified the system to the following variables: Na, K, Mg, number of leucocytes, triglycerides, GPT, glucose, albumin, retinol and folic acid; and 90.1% (86.4% after crossvalidation) of correct classification was obtained. Representing the first and second discriminant functions, the control groups were well separated from opiate addicts. CONCLUSIONS: Applying linear discriminant analysis on several biochemical and haematological parameters, the opiate addicts could clearly be differentiated from the control individuals, and a tendency to differentiate the opiate addicts in MMTP and in detoxification treatment was observed.

[Haematologic parameters in opiate addicts]. / Parámetros hematológicos en pacientes opiaceodependientes.

Levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, number of red cells and leukocytes, haematological index (MCV, MCH, MCHC, DEI, MPV), sedimentation rate, iron, parameter related to accumulation and transport of iron (transferrin, ferritin, iron binding capability, transferring saturation index) and platelets were determined in blood samples of opiate addicts and they were compared with these results obtained in a control group. For both sexes, the levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, iron and platelets were similar in the control groups and opiate addicts. Opiate addicts females presented a number of red cells and platelets higher and lower respectively than the correspond values of the control group. The haematological index in opiate addicts were higher than the values in the control groups for overall and considering males and females independently. The levels of ferritin in opiate addicts males were higher than these levels found in control groups, occurring the contrary in the females. Opiate addicts males and females included in the methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) presented similar values of haemoglobin, haematocrit, number of red cells and leukocytes than the corresponding opiate addicts non-included in MMTP, except opiate addicts males, who showed lower haematocrit values.

Parámetros hematológicos en pacientes opiaceodependientes / Haemotologic parameters in opiate addicts

Se determinaron los niveles de hemoglobina, hematocrito, hematíes, recuento de leucocitos, índices relacionados con la serie roja (VCM, HCM, CHCM, IDE, VPM), velocidad de sedimentación, hierro, parámetros relacionados con la captación y transporte de hierro (transferrina, ferritina, capacidad de fijación de hierro, índice de saturación de transferrina) y plaquetas en muestras sanguíneas de opiaceodependientes y se compararon los resultados con los obtenidos en un grupo control. En general, para ambos sexos los niveles de hemoglobina, hematocrito, hierro y plaquetas fueron similares en el grupo control y en los opiaceodependientes. Las mujeres opiaceodependientes presentaron un recuento de hematíes y leucocitos superior e inferior respectivamente, que los correspondientes valores del grupo control. Se observó que en el total de pacientes opiaceodependientes, así como en los subgrupos de mujeres y hombres, los índices relacionados con la serie roja fueron superiores con respecto al grupo control. Los niveles de ferritina en opiaceodependientes varones fueron superiores a los encontrados en los controles, mientras que en las mujeres ocurrió lo contrario. Se observó que los hombres y mujeres opiaceodependientes incluidos en el programa de mantenimiento con metadona (PMM) presentaron valores de hemoglobina, hematocrito, hematíes y recuento de leucocitos similares a los no incluidos, exceptuando los heroinómanos varones incluidos en el PMM que mostraron valores inferiores de hematocrito (AU)

Levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, number of red cells and leukocytes, haematological index (MCV, MCH, MCHC, DEI, MPV), sedimentation rate, iron, parameter related to accumulation and transport of iron (transferrin, ferritin, iron binding capability, transferring saturation index) and platelets were determined in blood samples of opiate addicts and they were compared with these results obtained in a control group. For both sexes, the levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, iron and platelets were similar in the control groups and opiate addicts. Opiate addicts females presented a number of red cells and platelets higher and lower respectively than the correspond values of the control group. The haematological index in opiate addicts were higher than the values in the control groups for overall and considering males and females independently. The levels of ferritin in opiate addicts males were higher than these levels found in control groups, occurring the contrary in the females. Opiate addicts males and females included in the methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) presented similar values of haemoglobin, haematocrit, number of red cells and leukocytes than the corresponding opiate addicts non-included in MMTP, except opiate addicts males, who showed lower haematocrit values (AU)

Parámetros bioquímicos en pacientes opiaceodependientes / Biochemical parameters in opiate addicts

En este trabajo se determinan parámetros bioquímicos relacionados con el perfil lipídico, con el funcionalismo hepático y renal, y con el metabolismo proteico y de los glúcidos en sueros de opiaceodependientes en un programa de mantenimiento con metadona (PMM) y en tratamiento de desintoxicación con objeto de compararlos entre sí, así como con resultados obtenidos en una población control. Diseño experimental. La determinación de los niveles de colesterol, triglicéridos, HDL-colesterol, GOT, GPT, gammaGT, fosfatasa alcalina, bilirrubina total, LDH, creatinina urea, ácido único, glucosa, amilasa, proteínas y albúmina se realizó con un autoanalizador BM/Hitachi 911. Los análisis estadísticos han sido realizados usando el programa SPSS versión 10.0 para Windows. Pacientes. Se analizaron 106 muestras de suero de opiaceodependientes, que acudían al Centro de Atención al Toxicómano de Santa Cruz de Tenerife para tratamiento de su dependencia. Resultados. Las transaminasas y yGT se encontraron elevadas en casi la mitad de pacientes, destacando la fosfatasa alcalina que se presentó elevada en prácticamente la totalidad de individuos. Se detectaron mayores niveles de transaminas, fosfatasa alcalina, yGT, triglicéridos y glucosa, y menores niveles de albúmina y colesterol en opiaceodependientes respecto del grupo control. Se observó que los pacientes en el PMM presentaron valores de glucosa, colesterol y albúmina más cercanos a los valores del grupo control que los que estaban en desintoxicación, ocurriendo lo contrario con los triglicéridos. Conclusión. Se observan diferencias del perfil bioquímico entre opiaceodependientes en PMM, opiaceodependientes en desintoxicación y grupo control (AU)

Estudio de correlación y análisis factorial aplicado a la excreción urinaria de selenio / Study of correlation and factor analysis applied to the excretion urinary of selenium

Objetivo. En este trabajo se ha evaluado la influencia del sexo, edad, peso y talla sobre distintas formas de expresión de la excreción urinaria de selenio (Se) correspondientes a un grupo de personas sanas. Diseño experimental. Se analizaron 97 muestras de orina de 24 h (46 hombres y 51 mujeres) pertenecientes a la población sana de la isla de Tenerife. La determinación de los niveles de Se se realizó por un método espectrof luorimétrico, y la creatinina (CT) por el método modificado de Jaffé. Los análisis estadísticos han sido realizados usando el programa SPSS versión 10.0 para Windows. Resultados. Se obtuvieron numerosas correlaciones significativas entre las variables analizadas, destacando la existente entre la concentración urinaria de Se y de creatinina. En cuanto al análisis factorial, se seleccionaron cuatro factores, los cuales presentaron autovalores mayores que 1. Estos factores explicaron el 83 por ciento de la varianza total del sistema. Se constata que el primer factor estaba relacionado con parámetros antropométricos; el segundo y el tercer factor estaban influenciados principalmente por parámetros relacionados con la excreción de Se y de creatinina; respectivamente; en el cuarto factor las variables más influyentes fueron las concentraciones de Se y de creatinina. Conclusiones. El estudio de correlación puso de manifiesto la relación existente entre la concentración urinaria de Se y de creatinina. Además, se comprobó que la concentración de Se expresada como microg Se/g CT representa mejor la excreción urinaria de Se que la concentración expresada como microg Se/l (AU)

Concentraciones de calcio, magnesio, sodio y potasio en leche materna y fórmulas de inicio / Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in human milk and infant formulas

Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were determined in 55 samples of mature human milk from Canary women and 5 samples of powdered infant formula. According to the literature our data fell within the normal intervals described for each kind of milk. The mean concentration of Ca, Mg, Na y K of powdered infant formula was higher than those concentrations found in the human milks. Significant differences among the concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na for the milks of the considered mothers were observed. Only the Ca intakes for infants fed with human milk were lower than those requirements recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board (1989). However, the infants fed with powdered infant formula had an adequate intake of all the studied metals. A progressive decrease of the Na, K and Ca concentrations with the lactation stage was observed. Maternal age, parity and sex of the newborns did not affect the metal concentrations significantly.

[Concentrations of Na, K, Ca, and P in serum from a representative sample of the Canary Islands population]. / Concentraciones de Na, K, Ca y P en sueros de una muestra representativa de la población canaria.

As part of the nutritional survey of the Canary Islands (ENCA-1998), the concentrations in serum of Na, K, Ca and P were determined in 395 individuals representing the population of the Canary Islands. The concentrations were found to be within the reference intervals described for the healthy population. Differences were observed in the mean concentrations depending on the island of residence. Thus, individuals on the island of Tenerife showed higher levels of natremia and calcaemia (p < 0.05) than those on the other islands. The islanders of La Palma have the highest (p < 0.05) and lowest (p < 0.05) concentrations of K and Ca, respectively, whereas those living on the easternmost islands have the highest levels of phosphataemia. No differences were detected in the mineral levels by sex. Phosphataemia levels fall (p < 0.05) in line with socio-economic levels. Females under the age of 18 present lower levels of natremia (p < 0.05) than others while males over the age of 35 present higher levels of kalaemia (p < 0.05). No important age-related differences were found in calcaemia and individuals under the age of 18 had lower levels of phosphataemia (p < 0.05) than the remainder. Highly significant relationships were found between Na and K and between Ca and P, thus confirming existing physiological relationships. Smoking had no effect on the serum levels of the elements under study. Those individuals reporting an intake of more than seven beers and seven shots of spirit per week presented lower levels of calcaemia and natremia than the rest (p < 0.05). With wine consumption, an increase in kalaemia and a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the Na/K ratio were detected. Individuals drinking only tap water had higher levels (p < 0.05) of natraemia and kalaemia, with lower levels (p < 0.05) of calcaemia and the Na/K ratio than those drinking bottled water. The Ca/P ratio was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) with physical exercise.

Concentraciones de Na, K Ca y P en sueros de una muestra representativa de la población canaria / Concentrations of Na, K, Ca and P in sera from a population sample representing the canary islands

Como parte de la encuesta nutricional de Canarias (ENCA-1998) se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de Na, K, Ca y P en 395 individuos representativos de la población canaria. Las concentraciones se encuentran dentro de los intervalos de referencia descritos para población sana. Se observan diferencias entre las concentraciones medias en función de la isla de residencia. Así los individuos de Tenerife presentan natremias y calcemias superiores (p<0,05) al resto de las islas. Los individuos de La Palma tienen las mayores (p<0,05) y menores (p<0,05) concentraciones de K y Ca respectivamente, mientras que los de las islas orientales muestran las mayores (p<0,05) fosfatemias. No se detectan diferencias entre los minerales en función del sexo. La fosfatemia disminuye (p<0,05) a medida que el nivel socioeconómico es menor. Las féminas menores de 18 años presentan natremias inferiores (p<0,05) al resto y los varones de más de 35 años mayores (p<0,05) potasemias. No se encuentran diferencias importantes de caicemia en función de la edad, y los individuos menores de 18 años muestran fosfatemias (p<0,05) inferiores al resto. Se observan correlaciones altamente significativas entre Na y K y entre Ca y P lo que confirma relaciones fisiológicas existentes. El hábito de fumar no influye sobre los niveles séricos de los elementos estudiados. Los individuos que manifiestan un consumo superior a siete cervezas y a siete bebidas espirituosas por semana presentan calcemias y natremias inferiores (p<0,05) respectivamente al resto. Se detecta un aumento de la potasemia y disminución significativamente (p<0,05) de la relación Na/K con el consumo de vino. Los individuos que consumen agua del grifo presentan mayor (p<0,05) natremia y potasemia, y menor (p<0,05) calcemia y relación Na/K, que los individuos que consumen agua embotellada. La relación Ca/P disminuye de forma significativa (p<0,05) con el ejercicio físico (AU)

As part of the nutritional survey of the Canary Islands (ENCA-1998), the concentrations in serum of Na, K, Ca and P were determined in 395 individuals representing the population of the Canary Islands. The concentrations were found to be within the reference intervals described for the healthy population. Differences were observed in the mean concentrations depending on the island of residence. Thus, individuals on the island of Tenerife showed higher levels of natremia and calcaemia (p < 0.05) than those on the other islands. The islanders of La Palma have the highest (p < 0.05) and lowest (p < 0.05) concentrations of K and Ca, respectively, whereas those living on the easternmost islands have the highest levels of phosphataemia. No differences were detected in the mineral levels by sex. Phosphataemia levels fall (p < 0.05) in line with socio-economic levels. Females under the age of 18 present lower levels of natremia (p < 0.05) than others while males over the age of 35 present higher levels of kalaemia (p < 0,05). No important age-related differences were found in calcaemia and individuals under the age of 18 had lower levels of phosphataemia (p < 0.05) than the remainder. Highly significant relationships were found between Na and K and between Ca and P, thus confirming existing physiological relationships. Smoking had no effect on the serum levels of the elements under study. Those individuals reporting an intake of more than seven beers and seven shots of spirit per week presented lower levels of calcaemia and natremia than the rest (p < 0.05). With wine consumption, an increase in kalaemia and a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the Na/K ratio were detected. Individuals drinking only tap water had higher levels (p < 0.05) of natraemia and kalaemia, with lower levels (p < 0.05) of calcaemia and the Na/K ratio than those drinking bottled water. The Ca/P ratio was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) with physical exercise (AU)

Fast determination of retinol and alpha-tocopherol in plasma by LC.

A fast, selective and economical method for the determination of retinol and alpha-tocopherol is presented. Both vitamins are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in less than 4 min using an isocratic elution with methanol. The robustness of the method was checked in real samples, obtaining relative standard deviation lower than 3%. The described method was satisfactorily applied to serum samples proceeding of patients enrolled in a METHADONE maintenance treatment program. The retinol concentrations in the serum of these patients fell into the normal interval of concentrations; however, the serum alpha-tocopherol contents were higher than the normal values.

[Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in human milk and infant formulas]. / Concentraciones de calcio, magnesio, sodio y potasio en leche materna y fórmulas de inicio.

Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were determined in 55 samples of mature human milk from Canary women and 5 samples of powdered infant formula. According to the literature our data fell within the normal intervals described for each kind of milk. The mean concentration of Ca, Mg, Na y K of powdered infant formula was higher than those concentrations found in the human milks. Significant differences among the concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na for the milks of the considered mothers were observed. Only the Ca intakes for infants fed with human milk were lower than those requirements recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board (1989). However, the infants fed with powdered infant formula had an adequate intake of all the studied metals. A progressive decrease of the Na, K and Ca concentrations with the lactation stage was observed. Maternal age, parity and sex of the newborns did not affect the metal concentrations significantly.

Serum selenium concentration in a representative sample of the Canarian population.

The concentration of serum selenium in 395 individuals (187 males + 218 females) living in the Canary Islands, Spain was determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean selenium concentration was 74.7 +/- 25.2 microg/l ranging between 7.86 and 182.3 microg/l. Twenty-two adults (7.2% of the total) had serum selenium concentrations under 45 microg/l. It is widely accepted that below this selenium serum concentration (45 microg/l) there is an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Our results fall within data recently published in other Spanish and European regions and are much lower than data observed in USA or seleniferous regions. The estimated Se intakes of our population were lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowances for American people. Individuals from Lanzarote had a mean Se concentration significantly higher than individuals from the other islands. This could be attributed to differences in Se content of soil and/or differences in dietary habits of the populations. Serum selenium concentration did not vary with the sex of the subjects. Individuals younger than 14 years old had a serum selenium concentration significantly lower than the rest of the individuals. No relationship with socio-economic status, educational level, smoking habits, physical exercise or beer consumption was found. However, individuals who consume wine more than three times a week showed higher selenium concentrations than individuals with lower consumption. Also, individuals with consumption above seven units of spirit drinks a week had the highest mean selenium concentration.

Consumo de derivados de Cocaína en pacientes incluidos en un programa de mantenimiento con Metadona / Consumption of cocaine derived in patients included in methadone treatment

Se ha realizado un estudio sobre el consumo de cocaína y derivados, en pacientes incluidos en el Programa de Mantenimiento con Metadona (P.M.M.) de los centros de la Asociación de Cooperación Juvenil San Miguel. Se ha comprobado que prácticamente la mitad (45,7 por ciento) consumen habitualmente este tipo de drogas. Asimismo se ha detectado un progresivo aumento de la frecuencia de consumo y cantidades consumidas por estos pacientes durante los últimos tres años. La forma de consumo preferente (90,4 por ciento) en la actualidad es el 'crack', lo cual se debe, entre otros factores, a la mayor facilidad para la obtención de este tipo de droga en la calle. El 66,6 por ciento de los pacientes refiere consumo de, además de cocaína y derivados, otras drogas como cannabis, benzodiacepinas y alcohol. El 69,5 por ciento de los encuestados han iniciado el consumo de este tipo de drogas antes de ser atendidos en los P.M.M., siendo la edad media de inicio para el clorhidrato de cocaína y 'crack', 18,3 y 25,6 años respectivamente. Sólo un 23,7 por ciento confiesan consumir cocaína por sus efectos estimulantes, señalando como principal causa (52,5 por ciento) de consumo los efectos 'placenteros' de la misma. El 53,3 por ciento de los encuestados consideran el 'crack' más peligroso, incluso que la heroína, aunque esta última es considerada la más adictiva (67,6 por ciento). La práctica totalidad (93,8 por ciento) manifiesta que el 'crack' afecta a su salud, sin embargo paradójicamente el 26,7 por ciento de los pacientes consideran que no necesitan dejar de consumirlo. El 29,5 por ciento declara haber intentado, sin éxito, dejar el consumo. Los efectos predominantes que manifiestan como consecuencia del consumo del 'crack' son: pérdida de apetito (88,7 por ciento),pérdida de peso (84,5 por ciento), taquicardias (84,5 por ciento), pupilar dilatadas (76,3 por ciento), cambios de ánimo (84,5 por ciento), pérdida de memoria (59,7 por ciento), falta de concentración (78,3 por ciento), irritabilidad (71,1 por ciento) (AU)

Concentrations of iron, copper and zinc in human milk and powdered infant formula.

Concentrations of iron, copper and zinc were determined in 56 samples of mature human milk from Canarian women and 5 samples of powdered infant formula. According to the literature our data fall within the normal limits in each kind of milk. The mean concentration of Fe, Cu and Zn of powdered infant formula was significantly higher than those concentrations found in the human milks. Significant differences among the concentrations of the studied metals for the milks of considered mothers were observed. The Fe, Cu and Zn intakes of infants fed with human milk are lower than the requirements recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board (1989). However, the infants fed with powdered infant formula had consumed an adequate intake of Fe and Cu. A progressive decrease of the metal concentrations with the lactation stage was observed. The human milk obtained in spring presented Fe and Zn concentrations lower than in autumn, which could be due to changes in nutritional habits of the mothers. Age of mother and number of previous children seem to influence the Zn and Cu concentrations of human milk.